Jean Piaget

• topologische Beziehungen - kategoriale Relationen: präoperationale Phase ( bis 7 Jahre)
• projektive Beziehungen - Ordnungsrelationen: konkret-operationale Phase (7-11 Jahre)
• euklidische Beziehungen - Distanzrealtionen: konkret - operationale Phase (7-11 Jahre)

Topologische Beziehungen

Topological relationships involve such things as proximity, separation, order, enclosure, and continuity. These are the simplest of spatial relationships, but the basis for the development of all others. (Dixon-TSC 30)

Nähe

• Nähe (proximity)

Proximity is the observation that two things occur near each other. (D-TSC 30)

Trennung

• Trennung (separation)

Separation is the observation that although two things may be in close proximity, they are disctinct, separate things. (D-TSC 30)

Ordnung

• Ordnung (order)

Order means that a sequence is observed, i.e. three or more separate objects remain in some consistent order. Essential to the full comprehension of order is the ability to reverse order and to see that this reversal represents the same ordered relationship seen from the opposite direction. (D-TSC 30)

Einschluss

• Einschluss (enclosure)

Enclosure is the observation that something is surrounded by other things. (D-TSC 30f)

Kontinuität

• Kontinuität (continuity)

Continuity is the observation that although a number of objects may be focused on as distinct from each other, they all occur together in certain continuous relationships, so that they make up some whole entity. (D-TSC 31)